CONTENTS Features

Activists in New York City during the 1970 Christopher Street Liberation Day march. This event, held a year after the pivotal Stonewall Riots that broke out nearby on 28 June 1969, was the world’s first gay pride parade

14 Freedom fighters BY JAMES WALVIN Discover the crucial role played by enslaved peoples whose struggles led to the downfall of slavery in the western hemisphere 23

THE LONG READ

The ancient template of antisemitism J

BY DEBORAH LIPSTADT The historian and author on the roots of an enduring, irrational prejudice 38 THE BIG QUESTION

Is the world still living in the shadow of the crusades? J

Experts debate whether the medieval Christian campaigns continue to influence east-west relations today

44 Saladin’s global legacy J

BY JONATHAN PHILLIPS How the sultan who conquered Jerusalem continues to inspire words and deeds 52 “Out of the closets, into the streets” J

BY CHRIS PARKES Why did a series of riots in New York City in 1969 k ic k-s t a r t t he gay r i ght s movement ? 62 Before Chernobyl J

BY ADAM HIGGINBOTHAM Did Soviet secrecy and ambition make the catastrophic nuclear meltdown inevitable? 70 EYEWITNESS

Mission to the moon J

Astronauts, scientists and engineers recall the travails and triumphs of Apollo 11

J On the cover

COVER ILLUSTRATION BY DAVIDE BONAZZI

I M A G E S

G E T T Y

4