CONTENTS SEPTEMBER 2019

FEATURES

22 A brutal blitzkrieg Roger Moorhouse on the horrors of the 1939 invasions of Poland

29 The first welfare state Jonathan Healey reveals how government intervention saved thousands from starvation in the 17th century

34 The real peaky blinders Andrew Davies describes the image-conscious gangs that terrorised Birmingham in the late 19th century

42 The princes in the Tower Two historians debate the fate of the young sons of Edward IV

50 Magellan’s hellish voyage The explorer’s epic circumnavigation of the world changed the course of history, argues Jerry Brotton

56 War trauma Hannah Partis-Jennings and Emma Butcher trace evolving attitudes to war veterans’ mental health

64 From slums to suburbs The interwar council housing boom transformed Britain’s cities, writes Eugene Byrne

22 How the German and Soviet invasions of Poland in 1939 set a murderous template for the Second World War

/ A L A M Y

/ S C R A N

I D G E M A N

/ B R

T O P F O T O

50 Why Magellan’s epic voyage fired the starting gun on the race to globalisation

42 What really happened to the princes in the Tower?

4

Turn to page 56 to discover how attitudes

to war trauma have evolved, from the 18th century to the war in Afghanistan

64 The winners and losers of Britain’s 20th-century house-building revolution